1/2/2023 0 Comments Whisper 32 backupSo far, contact tracing has been mainly based on manual procedures, in which infected people are interviewed in an attempt to trace their contacts. Indeed, contact tracing is considered by the WHO as a key component of the infection monitoring by including contact identification, listing, and follow-up aspects. In this context, the development of contact tracing approaches is currently considered as one of the main weapons to confront the spread of the COVID-19 worldwide. Indeed, in the global race against the spread of the COVID-19, countries, public and private organisations, the academia, and others have quickly joined the forces to orchestrate appropriate countermeasures. Until a vaccine will be available or unless the pandemic will spontaneously disappear, the best weapons in the hands of countries will be prevention and fast diagnosis of infected people. The direction of this evolution will greatly depend on the capacity of our society to swiftly and jointly converge toward the best mitigation solutions. The World Health Organization (WHO) on March 11, 2020, declared COVID-19 a pandemic ( ), whose effects will probably determine the evolution of our society for many years to come. There is also a full-spectrum adversary model section, which does not only amalgamate the previous work in the topic but also brings new insights and angles to contemplate upon. This endeavour does not only embrace the diverse types of architectures and systems, namely, centralised, decentralised, or hybrid, but also equally addresses the client side, i.e., the apps that have been already deployed in Europe by each country. This work offers the first to our knowledge full-fledged review of the most concrete contact tracing architectures proposed so far in a global scale. Bluetooth, specifically its Low Energy (BLE) power-conserving variant, has emerged as the most promising short-range wireless network technology to implement the contact tracing service. Very promptly, a number of digital contact tracing architectures have been sprouted, followed by relevant app implementations adopted by governments worldwide. The development of digital tracing apps, which among others are aimed at automatising and globalising the prompt alerting of individuals at risk in a privacy-preserving manner, is a prominent example of this ongoing effort. In this context, governments are rushing to devise or embrace novel surveillance mechanisms and monitoring systems to fight the outbreak. The coronavirus pandemic is a new reality, and it severely affects the modus vivendi of the international community.
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